A new biomass-solar based energy system with hydrogen production designed for sustainable communities
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This article presents the development and evaluation of a newly designed solar-biomass-based multigeneration system with an aim to produce some useful outputs, namely heat, power, hot water, cooling, and hydrogen. The present system comprises various sub-systems, including biomass and solar systems, a Brayton cycle, an organic Rankine cycle, a steam Rankine cycle, and a double effect absorption system. The key processes include the production of biogas and fertilizer through anaerobic digestion and the generation of hydrogen using ultrasonic technology. The facility generates net power output of 5507 kW and 2.2 kg/h of hydrogen. The overall energy efficiency is found to be 58.43 % and the overall exergy efficiency is calculated to be 56.92 %. The steam Rankine cycle in the system has an energy efficiency of 24.46 % and an exergy efficiency of 45.47 %. The organic Rankine cycle demonstrates an energy efficiency of 14.84 % and an exergy efficiency of 46.05 %, respectively. The Brayton cycle shows an energy efficiency of 27.93 % and an exergy efficiency of 39.6 %, respectively. Additionally, the double effect absorption system in the plant has the energy and exergy coefficients of performance of 1.67 and 0.64, respectively. The exergo-environmental evaluation shows that component-level exergy destruction and associated environmental impacts vary with operating conditions. The economic evaluation indicates that the system becomes profitable after 2031, with a net present value of $95.61 million potentially by 2044. • Fossil reliance and emissions drive demand for sustainable multigeneration systems. • A biomass-solar system is developed to meet diverse energy and utility needs. • An ultrasound-driven hydrogen production is integrated with the subsystems. • The system has 58.43 % energy and 56.92 % exergy efficiency with 2.2 kg/h hydrogen. • A long-term analysis shows its profitability and helps achieve sustainability.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".