Soft-Tissue Congenital Hemangiomas and Related Complications: A Retrospective Cohort of 14 Cases With Emphasis on Prenatal Diagnosis, Counseling, and Postnatal Management
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Objectives: We aimed to describe prenatal imaging findings of superficial congenital hemangiomas (CH), review associated complications, and describe outcomes. Methods: A single-center retrospective cohort study spanning 18 years (2006–2024) reviewed imaging and medical charts of fetuses with soft-tissue masses suggestive of CH on prenatal ultrasound and/or magnetic resonance imaging, confirmed postnatally through evolution or histopathology. Results: All 14 cases (7 [50%] head and neck, 5 [36%] extremities, and 2 [14%] trunk) showed hypoechoic hypervascular masses on Doppler ultrasound with internal vascular ectasias, 12 (86%) being well circumscribed, and 5 (36%) having intralesional echogenic foci. Seven (50%) had a large draining vein and 5 (36%) showed right atrial enlargement. Magnetic resonance imaging (n = 11) demonstrated a well-circumscribed lesion in 9 (82%) cases, hypointense in 4 (36%), and iso- to hyperintense in 7 (64%) on T2-weighted imaging. Seven (64%) cases had internal T2-hypointense areas; none showed cystic areas or muscle invasion. One pregnancy was terminated. Of the 13 live births, all lesions showed complete or partial involution within a year; 3 (25%) developed superficial ulceration and 1 (8%) transient symptomatic heart failure. Four patients underwent elective surgery. Conclusion: Fetuses with CH had favorable outcomes, highlighting the importance of accurate prenatal diagnosis and delivery in specialized centers to manage potential complications.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".