Behavioural threshold of adult and juvenile sea lamprey ( <i>Petromyzon marinus</i> ) to acoustic stimuli
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Sea lamprey ( Petromyzon marinus Linnaeus, 1758) are invasive fish species in the Laurentian Great Lakes and parasitically feed on many commercially important fishes. Sound is used as a deterrent for invasive species, but its potential for manipulating sea lamprey behaviour in natural stream conditions is under-tested. Both the behavioural acoustic thresholds and different life stage responses of sea lamprey have yet to be established. To fill in some literature gaps, low-frequency tones of 70 or 90 Hz were used in a laboratory setting to determine the behavioural responses of adult and juvenile sea lamprey. Both stages of sea lamprey exhibited a change in swimming behaviour (movement to the onset and offset of sound) and a twitch (small movement of tail or body) in response to both frequencies. The behavioural threshold for adult and juvenile lamprey to sound ranged from 147 to 162 dB re 1 µPa. The threshold level for twitch determined for 70 Hz for juvenile and adult sea lamprey ranged from 157 to 160 dB re 1 µPa. These thresholds and behaviours can be used for implementation of field management techniques that have previously shown the efficacy of sound to direct lamprey movements for control purposes.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".