Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in landfill leachate, condensate, and groundwater: Characterization by landfill age and evaluation of activated carbon, ion exchange, and electrochemical treatment
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Municipal landfills contain elevated PFAS in leachate and gas condensate which can contaminate groundwater and burden wastewater treatment facilities. Gas condensate and leachate were collected from young (primarily active in the last 5 years) and mature (active 1960's to 2010's) municipal landfill piles, together with groundwater and leachate at point-of-discharge. The sum of 30 analyzed PFAS ranged from 0.11 μg/L in groundwater to 8.8 μg/L in young leachate, with young landfill samples containing twice the PFAS of mature samples. Batch adsorption tests found ion exchange (IEX) outperforms granular activated carbon (GAC) based on higher PFAS affinity (up to Freundlich K = 393 μg/g/μg/L, n = 1.0) and uptake (pseudo-first order rate constant k 1 = 0.03–0.05/min). Poor dissolved organic carbon (DOC) uptake was observed for both GAC and IEX (10–20% removal), while bicarbonate uptake coupled with chloride release (equivalent to 30–50% resin capacity) confirms electrostatic exchange even in saline leachate. Batch electrochemical treatment was less effective at treating young leachate than mature leachate, achieving 50% removal of ΣPFAS after 12 h in the former compared to near-complete removal for mature leachate. Higher organic content and chloride in young leachate (DOC = 2 g/L, chloride = 1 g/L) than mature leachate (DOC = 1.5 g/L, chloride = 0.5 g/L) resulted in significant energy diversion (DOC removal 65%) to the detriment of PFAS destruction. IEX and electrochemical treatment achieve significant PFAS removal from landfill condensate and leachate, with mature landfill waste emerging as a strategic target for further treatment testing. • Young leachate has double the PFAS of mature leachate particularly C6-10. • Vapour partitioning occurs through both volatilization and aerosolization. • Ion exchange maintains high PFAS selectivity against 10 5 times the organic matter. • Electrochemical process fully destroys PFAS except in young organic-rich leachate. • Ion exchange and electrochemical PFAS treatment are viable for landfill waste.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".