Impacts of atmospheric nitrogen deposition and lake browning on planktonic biomass ratios and nutrient accumulation in northern lakes
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Nitrogen (N) deposition and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) levels in northern lakes are shifting due to climate change and atmospheric deposition declines, altering the availability of light and nutrients in these ecosystems. Yet their impacts on the biomass, stoichiometry, and the structure of planktonic food chains remain uncertain. We therefore investigated zooplankton-to-seston biomass ratios (Z:S in C, N, and P) across 34 Swedish lakes with varying N deposition, DOC concentration, and fish predation control. Mean Z:S values were 2.9% for C, 7.5% for N, and 7.7% for P, with substantial regional variation. Z:S ratios were higher in lakes with lower atmospheric N deposition, improved seston quality, and greater calanoid copepod dominance in zooplankton. The strong link between zooplankton stoichiometry and community composition underscores the role of calanoids in regulating nutrient dynamics in northern lakes. Fish predation reduced zooplankton biomass but did not significantly alter Z:S ratios or zooplankton community composition. Meanwhile, increasing DOC dampened the higher Z:S in low N deposition lakes by reducing calanoid dominance and promoting more uniform zooplankton assemblages. Our findings suggest that lake browning counteracts the expected increase in Z:S ratios associated with recovery from atmospheric N deposition, potentially altering nutrient transfer in lake food webs.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".