Vapour-driven solutal Marangoni flow transition across the vapour–liquid equilibrium at the droplet contact line
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Vapour-driven solutal Marangoni effects have been studied extensively due to their potential applications, including mixing, coating, and droplet transport. Recently, the absorption of highly volatile organic liquid molecules into water droplets, which drives Marangoni effects, has gained significant attention due to its intricate and dynamic physical behaviours. To date, steady-state scenarios have been considered mainly by assuming the rapid establishment of vapour–liquid equilibrium. However, recent studies show that the Marangoni flow arises even under uniform vapour concentration, and requires a considerable time to develop fully. It indicates that the vapour–liquid equilibrium takes longer to establish than was previously assumed, despite earlier studies reporting that vapour molecules instantly adsorb on the interface, highlighting the importance of observing transient flow patterns. Here, we experimentally and numerically investigate time-dependent flow structures throughout the entire lifetime of a droplet in ethanol vapour environments. Under two distinct vapour boundary conditions of uniform and localised vapour distributions, a significant flow structure change consistently occurs within the droplet. The time-varying ethanol vapour mass flux from numerical simulation reveals that the flow transition is caused by the high vapour absorption flux at the droplet contact line, due to the geometric singularity there. Based on the detailed analysis of the surface tension gradient along the droplet interface, we identify that the flow transition occurs before and after the vapour–liquid equilibrium is achieved at the droplet contact line, which induces the flow direction change near the contact line.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".