Three-dimensional wake instabilities behind side-by-side foils at a moderate Reynolds number
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Three-dimensional instabilities in the wake behind side-by-side pitching foils are numerically evaluated at Reynolds number of 8000, considering different separation distances (0.5c < d < 1.5c) and Strouhal numbers ( St = 0.3 and 0.5) for both in-phase ( ϕ = 0) and out-of-phase ( ϕ = π ) oscillations. Here, c is the foil chord. This parameter space enables the identification and categorization of three-dimensional instabilities behind side-by-side pitching foils. Distinct three-dimensional wake topology regimes are identified and their characteristics are linked to foil kinematics. Four types of Instability Modes Evolution (IME) of three-dimensional spanwise instabilities are identified within this parameter space: IME type 2, IME type 1A, IME type 1B, and IME type 0. These modes differ based on the proximity effect between the foils and the transition to the final wake pattern. The study also identifies key kinematic and geometric thresholds associated with each IME type.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".