MétaCan
Menu
Back to cohort
Record W4414201737 · doi:10.1108/jhti-01-2025-0102

Winners and losers: understanding a mutually beneficial third-party food delivery business model for restaurants and customers

2025· article· en· W4414201737 on OpenAlex
Rebecca Gordon, Kimberly Thomas-Francois, Simon Somogyi

Classification

machine, unvalidated

Machine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.

The models applied no category: nothing in the taxonomy fit this work.
Study designObservational
Domainnot available
GenreEmpirical

How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".

Why this work is in the frame

A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.

affAt least one author lists a Canadian institution in the pinned OpenAlex snapshot.
aboutThe title or abstract carries a Canadian signal from the geographic lexicon.

Bibliographic record

VenueJournal of Hospitality and Tourism Insights · 2025
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldBusiness, Management and Accounting
TopicConsumer Retail Behavior Studies
Canadian institutionsThompson Rivers UniversityUniversity of Guelph
Fundersnot available
KeywordsFood deliveryService delivery frameworkNegotiationViewpointsService (business)Grounded theoryBusiness modelQuality (philosophy)Stakeholder

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

Purpose The purpose of this study was to understand the factors that attract and deter restaurants and customers from entering into a relationship with third-party food delivery apps; another goal was to determine a framework for food delivery service that can benefit all stakeholders, including the end consumer. Design/methodology/approach Using a grounded theory approach, 16 semi-structured interviews were conducted with restaurant operators and customers in Canada to determine these factors. Findings Restaurants and customers are attracted to food delivery apps because of the convenient network they provide and the ability to either earn or save money. The food delivery app business model is threatened by the high costs to participate. Restaurants and consumers found the financial terms confusing and service quality low. Practical implications Food delivery app companies need to ensure that all stakeholders are benefiting from using food delivery apps to keep them committed long-term. Food delivery app companies are recommended to keep their rates transparent and fair and develop better packaging and technology to improve the food and service quality. Restaurant operators should collaborate to negotiate lower commission fees. Originality/value This is the first known qualitative study that combines the viewpoints of restaurant operators and customers as an insider perspective. As a result, it provides an understanding of the difficulties each stakeholder group faces in the food delivery app ecosystem and provides a suggested framework for food delivery app ecosystems to be viable long-term.

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

How this classification was reachedexpand

Full frame distilled prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.000
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.000
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesnone
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Observational · Consensus signal: Observational
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: Empirical
Teacher disagreement score0.060
Threshold uncertainty score0.736

Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0000.000
Bibliometrics0.0000.000
Science and technology studies0.0000.000
Scholarly communication0.0000.001
Open science0.0000.000
Research integrity0.0000.000
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0000.000

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.039
GPT teacher head0.248
Teacher spread0.209 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it