Amino Acid Restriction Impairs Human Endometrial Stromal Cell Decidualization and Is Rescued by Proline Supplementation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Decidualization is a critical process for successful pregnancy. It is characterised by the transformation of endometrial stromal cells into decidual cells that support embryo implantation and placental development. Maternal amino acid deficiency is linked to impaired decidualization, which can lead to pregnancy complications such as miscarriage, preeclampsia and fetal growth restriction. Halofuginone (HF), a synthetic alkaloid, induces nutritional stress by triggering the amino acid starvation response. This study investigated the effects of HF-induced nutritional stress and amino acid supplementation on decidualization of human endometrial stromal cells (HESCs). Exposure of HESCs to decidualization agents caused distinct morphological changes and expression of insulin-like growth factor binding protein-1 (IGFBP-1), indicative of successful decidualization. Treatment of HESCs with HF or leucine-deprived media inhibited the expression of key decidualization markers. Interestingly, supplementation with proline, but not leucine, rescued the inhibitory effects of HF on decidualization of HESCs. HF inhibited the expression of genes encoding growth factors crucial for decidualization, highlighting their sensitivity to amino acid availability, and disrupted transforming growth factor β-SMAD signalling, which was restored by proline supplementation. These findings highlight the essential role of amino acids, particularly proline, for proper decidualization and suggest potential therapeutic strategies for improved reproductive health.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".