Fish Waste Meal As A Sustainable Protein Source In Climbing Perch (Anabas testudineus) Diets: Implications For Growth, Feed Utilization, Water Quality, And Economic Viability
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The use of conventional protein sources such as fishmeal and soybean meal in aquafeed raises sustainability, environmental, and economic concerns. This study evaluated the efficacy of Fish Waste Meal (FWM) as an alternative protein source in the diet of Climbing Perch (Anabas testudineus) through a 60-day feeding trial. The present study evaluated the effects of incorporating fish waste meal (FWM) at varying inclusion levels (0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%) into the diet of Anabas testudineus on growth performance over a defined feeding period. Key growth parameters, including final body weight (FBW), specific growth rate (SGR), and feed utilization efficiency, were analyzed to assess the nutritional viability of FWM as an alternative protein source. Results demonstrated a clear improvement in growth parameters with increasing inclusion levels of FWM. The FBW increased from 8.54 ± 1.01 g in the control group to a maximum of 10.78 ± 1.01 g in the FWM75 group. Weight gain significantly improved (P = 0.001), ranging from 3.27 ± 0.35 g in the control to 6.33 ± 0.40 g at 75% inclusion. The feed conversion ratio also improved significantly, decreasing from 3.04 ± 0.10 in the control to 1.79 ± 0.16 in the FWM75 group (P = 0.001), while the protein efficiency ratio (PER) increased from 0.78 ± 0.08 to 1.25 ± 0.08 (P = 0.001). The SGR improved from 0.93% to 1.39% per day, though not statistically significant (P = 0.280). The feed intake remained consistent across treatments, and the survival rate was 100% in all groups. The findings highlight that fish waste meal, particularly at 75% inclusion, enhances growth performance and feed efficiency in A. testudineus without compromising survival or feed intake. This underscores the viability of FWM as an environmentally friendly, nutritionally rich, and cost-effective alternative protein source in aquafeed formulations.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".