Towards a well-being society: Public health's role in the healthcare system and in society in the 21 <sup>st</sup> century
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Eight years ago, we were part of a team of authors who wrote about challenges facing public health at that time, indicating threats to public health that also threatened the health of the population and the sustainability of the healthcare system. Eight years later, the issues we discussed remain. In this article, we reflect on what "public health" is, its challenges, and its role both within and beyond the healthcare sector. In particular, we focus on the challenges of downgrading public health within governments and health authorities, of limiting the independence of public health officials, and of limiting public health's scope by combining it with primary and community care. We conclude with the role of public health in wider society and on what could be gained both within and beyond the health sector from a strong public health system that is oriented around a well-being society.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.022 | 0.013 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.012 | 0.059 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.028 | 0.017 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.014 |
| Research integrity | 0.011 | 0.020 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.006 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".