Highly-Flame-Retardant Performance and Sustainable Polyurethane Foams from Industrial Kraft Lignin via Exploiting Lignin Demethylation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Achieving the enhancement of thermal stability in polyurethane (PU) foams and promoting their green and harmless development have long been both hotspots and challenges in this field. Here, the molecular integration of demethylated lignin and 2NH 2 DOPO was achieved through the Mannich reaction, which were successfully incorporated into the macromolecular network of polyurethane foam. The unique molecular structure and functional groups synergistically enhance both its condensed-phase and gas-phase flame-retardant performances, which endows the PU foam with an astonishing limiting oxygen index (LOI) value as high as 34.5% and enables it to meet the combustion standard of UL-94 V-0. In addition, the incorporation of lignin enhances the rigidity of the polymer network structure and establishes a chemically reversible dynamic network, thereby endowing the foam composites with improved compressive strength. This work provides an innovative approach for coordinating the development of sustainable and flame-retardant PU foams and paves the way for the high-value utilization of lignin.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".