The quasi-federal constitution? Taxonomical influences on interpretation of federalism in India
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Designating India as a ‘Union of States’ under Article 1, the Constitution of India does not adhere to a federal vocabulary. The perusal of the Constituent Assembly Debates establishes this verbiage to be a deliberate choice. Scholars such as Prof. Wheare (1963) have classified the Indian Federalism as ‘quasi-federal’, which remains a part of constitutional vocabulary to date. This scholarship undertakes an assessment of federal semantics and taxonomical choices under the Constitutions of the USA, Australia, Switzerland, Brazil and Canada, juxtaposing them with the ‘quasi-federal’ model of the Indian Constitution. Challenging rigid categorizations, the paper argues that the constitutions identified as ‘federal’ have also depicted centralizing tendencies in their working. Examining the legal and political intent behind the omission of ‘federal’ and its anti-federal fallouts, the scholarship explores that the lack of a uniform federal vocabulary and mis-categorization has allowed the Union government and the judiciary to reinforce the centralization of power that shapes the federal discourse, while sporadically identifying the federal features in the Indian Constitution.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.007 | 0.011 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.007 | 0.035 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.009 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.005 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".