Identities in Fur Trade Societies and Along the Colonial Frontier in Eastern Canada: A Case Study from Western Quebec
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Research in the field of Métis studies has focused on contexts where mixed-ancestry communities emerged, but much less on contexts where such entities did not materialize. The Upper Ottawa River, in western Quebec, represents a salient example of the latter. Despite the area’s prolonged involvement with the fur trade and the well-documented establishment of unions between European winterers and local First Nations women, the children born through these relationships did not coalesce into a separate mixed-ancestry community. This article examines the context of the fur trade in the area, the marital patterns that can be observed through nineteenth-century documentation, and the social outcomes available to the offspring born through these unions. It then attempts a comparison with other areas in the heart of the continent that acted as trade hubs. It concludes that most children born from mixed unions were integrated into First Nations communities and that no mixed-ancestry community emerged within the research area because the few mixed-ancestry families that were present lacked the critical mass to differentiate themselves from other social contexts.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.006 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.033 | 0.006 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.005 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".