Panagiotis Delis. <i>Notions of Violence and Ethnic Cleansing on the Eve of the First World War: The Balkan Wars of 1912–13</i>
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The Balkan Wars, fought as two distinct but closely interrelated conflicts between October 1912 and August 1913, reshaped the political map of Southeastern Europe and led to the expulsion of the Ottoman Empire from most of the Balkan Peninsula. Unlike the nineteenth-century Balkan revolutionary wars of national liberation, waged by local notables, peasants, and brigands against Ottoman rule, the Balkan Wars were launched by independent, modernizing Balkan states, grouped together in the Balkan League (Bulgaria, Greece, Montenegro, and Serbia) against an increasingly beleaguered Ottoman state. These conflicts were waged by modern armies, supported by paramilitaries and other irregular forces, and characterized by internecine violence that often targeted noncombatants. They reshaped borders, communities, and identities, and in many respects, these wars prefigured the mass violence that characterized European history in the first half of the twentieth century. The centenary of the Balkan Wars occasioned several academic conferences and monographs that revisited these two wars, their origins, course, and legacies. While earlier studies had focused on the high politics of the Balkan Wars and small-power imperialisms of the region’s states, these newer works have examined the dynamics of local violence and how communities in the multiethnic and multiconfessional Balkans navigated the contentious and increasingly violent state policies of irredentism, occupation, and assimilation. This is certainly no easy task, as it involves working in multiple languages across regional and national archives in several countries, as well as having a solid understanding of local historiographies. Panagiotis Delis’s Notions of Violence and Ethnic Cleansing on the Eve of the First World War is one of the most recent studies in this vein and builds on the earlier works by Dimitar Tasić, Ryan Gingeras, Eyal Ginio, John Paul Newman, and others.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.004 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".