To Remain or to Return: The Role of Gender, Family Structures, and Uncertainty in Contemporary Kyrgyz-Russian Labour Migration
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper explores how labour migration flows between Kyrgyzstan and Russia influence Kyrgyz family structures, gender norms and perceptions of uncertainty. I investigate the consequences for Kyrgyz society of mothers leaving their children behind to work abroad, of men returning from Russia to find new ways to maintain their roles as sole providers of the family, and the societal stigma faced by women who migrate for economic reasons. These topics are drawn from my ethnographic research conducted in August of 2023 with migrant workers and specialists working at international development organisations in Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan. The primary goal of this study is to investigate Kyrgyz labour migration patterns to better understand fear and aspirations towards leaving the home country and returning are justified and pursued, considering the added uncertainties stemming from forced mobilizations currently targeting Central Asians (and specifically Kyrgyz) in Russia.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".