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Record W4414326590 · doi:10.32920/30158056.v1

Persistent Discord: The Adjudication of National Security Deportation Cases in Canada (2018–2020)

2025· preprint· en· W4414326590 on OpenAlex

Why this work is in the frame

A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.

aboutThe title or abstract carries a Canadian signal from the geographic lexicon.
no affNo Canadian affiliation: this work is invisible to an affiliation-only frame.
No Canadian affiliation. An affiliation-only frame, the usual design, would never have seen this work. It is one of the works that make the case for inverting the frame.

Bibliographic record

Venuenot available
Typepreprint
Languageen
FieldSocial Sciences
TopicIndonesian Election Politics and Participation
Canadian institutionsnot available
Fundersnot available
KeywordsDeportationAdjudicationTerrorismTribunalNational securityAbandonment (legal)Government (linguistics)

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

<p dir="ltr">This study asks two research questions. First, how many people get deported from Canada for security reasons and what are those reasons? This empirical study of deportation cases (2018–2020) finds that the number of national security and terrorism deportation cases in Canada is at a record high and that Canada’s deportation tribunal is the country’s busiest national security tribunal. Despite this volume, most cases (sixty per cent) turned on the same allegation. During the period under study, Canada regularly moved to deport members of the Bangladesh National Party (BNP), claiming that the group intentionally used terror-based tactics.</p><p dir="ltr">The second research question focuses on adjudicative consistency. Most security deportation cases were not just similar, they were functionally identical. The government tended to lead the same evidentiary package across cases and adjudicators tended to recycle their reasons between cases. Even though most cases were the same, firstinstance adjudicators sometimes reached opposite conclusions: some always found that the BNP engaged in terrorism, while others always concluded that it did not. Using a bespoke computer program, this study tracked how each terrorism case was treated by the Federal Court of Canada on judicial review. Startingly, even when different judges reviewed cases that were functionally word-for-word identical on the core issue, they reached different conclusions. This study raises rule of law concerns: does the BNP engage in terrorism? It depends on the adjudicator or judge you ask. This article ends with recommendations aimed at helping tribunals and courts develop a consistent and coherent jurisprudence.</p><p dir="ltr">Cette étude pose deux questions de recherche. Premièrement, combien de personnes sont expulsées du Canada pour des raisons de sécurité et quelles sont ces raisons? Cette étude empirique des cas d’expulsion (2018–2020) constate que le nombre de cas d’expulsion pour des raisons de sécurité nationale et de terrorisme au Canada atteint un niveau record et que le tribunal d’expulsion du Canada est le tribunal de sécurité nationale le plus occupé du pays. Malgré ce volume, la plupart des cas (soixante pour cent) tournent autour de la même allégation. Au cours de la période étudiée, le Canada a régulièrement pris des mesures pour expulser des membres du Bangladesh National Party (BNP), affirmant que le groupe utilisait intentionnellement des tactiques basées sur la terreur.</p><p dir="ltr">La deuxième question de recherche porte sur la cohérence décisionnelle. La plupart des cas d’expulsion pour raisons de sécurité n’étaient pas seulement similaires, ils étaient fonctionnellement identiques. Le gouvernement avait tendance à présenter le même ensemble de preuves d’une affaire à l’autre et les juges avaient tendance à recycler leurs motifs d’une affaire à l’autre. Même si la plupart des cas étaient identiques, les juges de première instance parvenaient parfois à des conclusions opposées : certains concluaient toujours que le BNP se livrait au terrorisme, tandis que d’autres concluaient toujours que ce n’était pas le cas. À l’aide d’un programme informatique sur mesure, cette étude a suivi la manière dont chaque affaire de terrorisme a été traitée par la Cour fédérale du Canada dans le cadre d’un contrôle juridictionnel. Il est surprenant de constater que même lorsque des juges différents ont examiné des affaires qui étaient identiques, mot pour mot, sur la question centrale, ils sont parvenus à des conclusions différentes. Cette étude soulève des questions relatives à l’État de droit : le BNP s’engage-t-il dans la lutte contre le terrorisme?</p>

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

Full frame distilled prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.001
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.000
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesnone
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Observational · Consensus signal: none
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: Empirical
Teacher disagreement score0.557
Threshold uncertainty score0.996

Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0010.000
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0000.000
Bibliometrics0.0000.000
Science and technology studies0.0000.000
Scholarly communication0.0000.000
Open science0.0000.000
Research integrity0.0000.000
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0000.000

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.038
GPT teacher head0.333
Teacher spread0.295 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it