Contested Grounds: Farmer Protests, Political Imaginaries, and Environmental Futures in Rural Spain
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In Europe, farmers now make up just 4% of the population, yet their protests have commanded outsized political and media attention. This paper analyzes the symbolic and political significance of the farmer figure in contemporary Spain, where agrarian life is increasingly mobilized in struggles over national identity, rural decline, environmental stewardship, and energy transition. Through close readings of two 2022 Spanish films – As Bestas (dir. Rodrigo Sorogoyen) and Alcarràs (dir. Carla Simón) – alongside analysis of protests and media discourse, we examine how farmers are imagined across the ideological spectrum, and how they are caught between structural marginalization and symbolic centrality. By foregrounding the farmer as a cultural figure, we show how agrarian life is being reconfigured in the name of the environment, and why it matters, especially for left politics, to understand what is being lost, transformed, or claimed in this process.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.006 | 0.010 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.007 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".