Expanding tropism: Avian B cells as novel cellular target of infectious bronchitis virus
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) causes infectious bronchitis (IB), which is a major concern for the global poultry industry as a result of substantial economic losses. Although epithelial cells were described as the primary target cells of IBV, other susceptible cell types including macrophages and monocytes, have been identified, where productive infection impairs cellular functions. Avian B cells are central to antibody-mediated immunity in chickens against pathogens, including IBV; however, it remains unknown if IBV can infect and replicate in B cells. This study investigated whether Delmarva (DMV)/1639 IBV can infect B cells in the bursa of Fabricius (BF) in vivo and in DT-40 cells in vitro. In vivo, a significantly higher viral genome load was observed in the BF at 3 days post-infection (dpi), with similar result in sorted B cells from the BF. Viral RNA was found to be localized within B cells of the BF using an in situ hybridization combined with immunohistochemistry. In vitro, a comparable trend in viral genome load was observed in infected DT-40 cells and culture supernatants up to 72 h post-infection (hpi). Immunofluorescence assay revealed a significantly higher percentage of DT-40 cells expressing IBV nucleoprotein. Inoculation of DT-40 cells with virus-containing supernatant confirmed infectivity as did inoculation of embryonated eggs, which resulted in IBV-specific lesions including dwarfing and stunting. These findings demonstrate that IBV can infect and replicate productively in avian B cells; however further studies are warranted to elucidate the impact of IBV infection on B cell function and its role in disease pathogenesis.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".