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Numerical Analysis of a SEIHRD Model for a Hypothetical Ebola Outbreak During the 2025 Hajj Season in Saudi Arabia

2025· article· en· W4414355576 on OpenAlexvenueno aff
Abeer A. Al-Nana, Iqbal M. Batiha, Ahmed Bouchenak, Shaimaa Ahmed

Bibliographic record

VenueInternational Journal of Analysis and Applications · 2025
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldSocial Sciences
TopicDisaster Management and Resilience
Canadian institutionsnot available
Fundersnot available
KeywordsOutbreakHajjEpidemiologyIsolation (microbiology)DestinationsDisease

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

Saudi Arabia, one of the world’s most frequented destinations for foreign visitors and pilgrims—particularly during the Hajj season—faces an elevated risk of infectious disease outbreaks due to the high influx of international travelers. One such potential threat is the Ebola virus, which may be introduced by individuals arriving from affected regions, especially in parts of Africa. In this study, we explore the SEIHRD epidemiological model, specifically adapted to a hypothetical Ebola outbreak scenario in Saudi Arabia. The model is represented as a system of nonlinear ordinary differential equations and is numerically solved using the classical fourth-order Runge-Kutta method. The results yield critical insights into disease progression and offer strategic guidance for preparedness, control measures, and isolation protocols.

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

How this classification was reachedexpand

Full frame distilled prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.000
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.000
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesnone
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Observational · Consensus signal: none
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: none
Teacher disagreement score0.599
Threshold uncertainty score0.169

Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0000.000
Bibliometrics0.0010.002
Science and technology studies0.0000.000
Scholarly communication0.0000.000
Open science0.0000.000
Research integrity0.0000.000
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0000.000

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.017
GPT teacher head0.342
Teacher spread0.325 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it

Classification

machine, unvalidated

Machine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.

The models applied no category: nothing in the taxonomy fit this work.
Study designObservational
Domainnot available
GenreEmpirical

How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".

Quick stats

Citations1
Published2025
Admission routes1
Has abstractyes

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