Autonomous development and regeneration of isolated rice egg cells <i>in vitro</i> in a fertilization-independent manner
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Cell cycle and division are suppressed in rice egg cells to avoid precocious development before fertilization. Although cell cycle arrest in egg cells is released by particular environmental stimuli, how quiescence of egg cells is converted to the proliferative state remains open. Upon cold treatment, egg cells isolated from japonica (Nipponbare; NB) and indica (Kasalath; KS) subspecies of rice (Oryza sativa) autonomously divided and developed. Egg-derived plants were analysed for developmental profile, ploidy levels, single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)-based genome sequencing, and transcriptome. Cold-treated haploid egg cells regenerated into mature plants, showing varied ploidy levels. Nuclear DNA quantification showed that genome duplication occurred during early parthenogenetic development. Owing to SNPs between NB and KS, inter-subspecific hybrid plants (NB-KS hybrids) were created via electrofusion. Egg cells from the NB-KS hybrid developed parthenogenetically into polyploid plants. Diploid and tetraploid plants originating from an NB-KS egg displayed the same homozygous SNP patterns throughout the genome, indicating that these plants were doubled and quadrupled haploids. Cold-treated eggs exhibited up-regulation of parthenogenesis-related genes. Cold treatment induces parthenogenesis of eggs isolated from crop species, offering cues for elucidating parthenogenetic mechanism at single-cell resolution and benefits for plant breeding technology as progenies possessing only maternal genes are produced by cold treatment and subsequent culture of isolated egg cells.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".