Radical changes in the seismic design philosophy based on 2023 Kahramanmaraş earthquakes observations in Türkiye
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The two simultaneous earthquakes occurred in 2023 leading to over 50 000 casualties in more than 250 thousand collapsed and heavily damaged buildings in Türkiye. Despite modernizing the seismic code regularly, it has not been possible for Türkiye to mitigate the seismic risk. Two important and new observations were made in the aftermath of 2023 earthquakes: (i) Structural wall systems exhibited superior performance with no record of collapse. (ii) Several thousand buildings constructed after 2000 collapsed despite better seismic codes. This paper presents the background of the radical modifications for minimum structural wall amounts and maximum interstory drift ratio limits. First, the site observations for the performance of buildings with structural walls are presented. Based on seismic assessment of more than 30 000 existing building plans, the relationship between maximum interstory drift demand and wall-column area ratio is examined. The proposed limits are compared to the risk levels of existing buildings for validation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".