Machine Learning for Triple-Entry Accounting: Enhancing Transparency and Oversight
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study develops a conceptual framework for integrating Triple-Entry (TE) accounting with machine learning (ML) to enhance transparency in financial reporting and auditing. TE extends the double-entry system by introducing a cryptographic third entry that captures contextual metadata and strengthens auditability. Existing research has discussed TE models and blockchain implementations, yet there is limited exploration of how advanced analytics can operationalise these systems in practice. This paper reviews prior contributions, highlights the limitations of current approaches, and positions ML as a mechanism for anomaly detection, fraud prevention, and continuous oversight. The methodology is qualitative and analytical, based on a structured review of the accounting, blockchain, and ML literature, with a critical comparison of TE and multiparty computation (MPC) approaches. A workflow for transforming TE data into ML-ready features is outlined, linking technical methods to objectives such as compliance monitoring and forecasting. The proposed framework advances theoretical understanding while also identifying practical applications, including regulatory reporting and privacy-preserving audits. Contributions include the articulation of a research agenda for empirical testing of ML-enabled TE systems and guidance for auditors, regulators, and system designers on embedding transparency in distributed financial environments.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".