Sea slug invasions: the non-native Archidoris pseudoargus (Nudibranchia: Dorididae) moves south and the native Doriopsilla pharpa (Nudibranchia: Dendrodorididae) moves north on the U.S. Atlantic coast
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The European sea lemon nudibranch Archidoris pseudoargus was introduced by shipping to the Northwest Atlantic Ocean sometime prior to 2017, the year it was discovered in the Gulf of Maine, USA and in Nova Scotia, Canada.In 2023, it was discovered in Long Island Sound, a large estuary of national significance south of the Gulf of Maine.The native lemon drop nudibranch Doriopsilla pharpa, originating in waters south of New England from Maryland to Florida, was first detected in the Sound subtidally in 2019.The two species, both well-known sponge predators, are not known to co-occur as of mid-2025.Sponge population declines in the Gulf of Maine have already been linked to A. pseudoargus predation and other bioinvasions, especially non-native colonial ascidians which compete with sponges for space.Here, we report the first discoveries of these nudibranch species in Long Island Sound and consider their potential for deleterious effects on the benthic communities of southern New England.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".