Security Externalities: A Firm-Centric Theoretical Framework for Economic Statecraft
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract International relations scholars continue to struggle to analyze the role of firms within contemporary economic statecraft. This article offers a vocabulary and firm-centric paradigm for thinking about how states exercise their economic tools of national power. It delineates the range of pathways via which “economics” (that is, the various types of firm activities) can affect a nation’s security. The result is a mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive typology of security externalities. This framework offers a precise vocabulary for thinking about economic statecraft that advances the field’s understanding of geoeconomics and is more holistic than the traditionally sanctions-based approaches to economic statecraft commonly found in political science. Beginning with an examination of the theoretical elements of economic statecraft, it proceeds by presenting an innovative framework that articulates the specific causal logics connecting economic activities back to the national security of states before concluding with some initial considerations for applying this framework.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.005 | 0.005 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.005 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.004 | 0.040 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.011 | 0.014 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.006 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.005 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.010 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".