Towards isotopic composition of cosmic rays with the HELIX balloon project
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Clock isotopes such as \Be provide a unique Galactic cosmic ray (GCR) lifetime measurement related to the size of the propagation halo in the Milky Way. There have yet to be high-precision measurements of \Be above ${\sim} 2$~GeV/n. The High Energy Light Isotope eXperiment (HELIX), a balloon-borne magnet spectrometer, directly measures a cosmic ray’s charge, magnetic rigidity, and velocity to identify the isotopes of beryllium and other light nuclei. The HELIX program will improve the statistics and extend the resolved measurements of beryllium isotopes to as high as ${\sim} 10$~GeV/n. The magnetic rigidity is measured with a high-precision drift chamber tracker in a 1 Tesla magnetic field generated by a pair of superconducting coils. Time-of-flight scintillator paddles are used for charge measurements and velocity at lower energies, whereas at higher energies velocity is measured with an aerogel-based ring-imaging Cherenkov detector. During the boreal spring of 2024, HELIX had an engineering flight from Esrange, Sweden. This contribution presents an overview of the payload, flight, and the status of ongoing analysis efforts.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.004 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".