Phytol Enhances Anticonvulsant Effect of Carbamazepine and Diazepam Against PTZ‐Induced Convulsion in Chicks, Possibly Through Voltage‐Gated Sodium Channel and GABA <sub>A</sub> Interaction Pathways
Bibliographic record
Abstract
ABSTRACT The chlorophyll‐derived diterpenoid phytol (PHY) is evident for its diverse biological effects, including neuroprotective activities in experimental animals. This study aims at the evaluation of anticonvulsant effects along with the possible mechanism of action of PHY through animal and in silico studies. For this, we performed pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)‐induced convulsion tests in chicks and in silico studies against GABA A receptor subunits and voltage‐gated sodium channel (VGSC) receptors. PHY was tested at 25, 50, and 75 mg/kg with or without the standard drugs diazepam (DZP: 5 mg/kg) and carbamazepine (CAR: 80 mg/kg) using a vehicle as a control. Acute oral toxicity was evaluated in chicks per OECD guidelines by administering PHY (500–2000 mg/kg, p.o.) and monitoring for 48 h for mortality, toxicological signs, and behavioral changes. PHY exhibited a dose‐dependent anticonvulsant effect, significantly increasing latency and reducing convulsion frequency and duration at 75 mg/kg. PHY (75 mg/kg) combined with CAR and DZP showed the most potent reduction in convulsion frequency and duration, indicating a synergistic effect. Acute toxicity tests in chicks confirmed safety up to 2000 mg/kg. In silico studies demonstrated that PHY had good binding affinity with both the GABA A receptor (–6.5 kcal/mol) and VGSC (–7.0 kcal/mol), potentially contributing to its anticonvulsant action through GABAergic and sodium channel modulation. PHY showed significant anticonvulsant activity, likely via GABA A and VGSC modulation, warranting further studies to clarify its mechanisms and assess its adjunct potential in drug‐resistant convulsion management.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".