Measurements of the angular dependence of acoustic seafloor scattering in sandy sites
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Seafloor scattering measurements are analyzed from a series of experiments (lasting from 3 weeks to 5 months) located in two shallow-water locations near Portsmouth, New Hampshire, USA. The experimental setup consisted of a tripod with transducers (operating at 38, 70, and 200 kHz) mounted ∼2 m above the seafloor and oriented at 17.5° grazing angle. Environmental measurements were obtained using a wave-sensing conductivity, temperature, and depth probe. Seafloor roughness was estimated using stereo imaging techniques on underwater photographs. The measured seafloor scattering strengths were averaged over calm periods between storm events. The overall levels and trends are compared to predictions from the small-slope approximation model. Data-model differences may be due to uncertainty in the model inputs and/or scattering mechanisms not captured in the model. In addition, the results are compared to reported estimates of scattering strength in sand-sized sediments. At a given frequency, grazing angle, and grain size, scattering strengths among all measurements vary up to ∼ 20 dB.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".