Practical guidelines on the determination of one-dimensional swell properties of highly expansive clays
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Engineers typically require two parameters for the understanding of expansive soils to limit damages invoked by volume change: the swell pressure – the stress required to completely restrain volume change upon inundation – and the swell potential – the volume increase exhibited upon inundation at a given stress level. These properties have been shown to be dependent on the stress path followed during their measurement in the laboratory. This creates challenges for practitioners to obtain reliable swell properties without an extensive testing programme. A discussion of the stress path-dependency and reasons for variations of the measured swell properties within a Barcelona Extended Model (BExM) framework is given. Series of oedometer tests following three standard methods for the determination of swell pressure and swell potential were carried out for two highly expansive clay soils with different microfabric types. After swell phases, samples were consolidated to high stresses (up to 4 MPa). The magnitudes of the experimentally measured swell properties relative to one another using the different methods aligned with the predicted hierarchy according to the theoretical framework for both soils, verifying its appropriateness for both microfabric types. The results and framework were used to design a minimum testing programme for robust determination of the swell pressure and swell potential of a given clay for industry applications.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.006 | 0.011 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.004 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.004 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".