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A prototype station of the IceCube-Gen2 Surface Array at the Pierre Auger Observatory
Stef Verpoest, Benjamin Flaggs, Carmen Merx, M. Ackermann, Jenni Adams, Sanjib Kumar Agarwalla, Juanan Aguilar, M. Ahlers, Jean-Marco Alameddine, Shoukat Ali, Najia Moureen Binte Amin, K. Andeen, G. Anton, C. Argüelles, Yosuke Ashida, Sofia Athanasiadou, Jan Audehm, Spencer Axani, Rishi Babu, X. Bai, Aswathi Balagopal, Moreno Baricevic, Steven W. Barwick, Vedant Basu, Ryan Bay, J. Becker Tjus, Jakob Beise, Chiara Bellenghi, Bruno Benkel, S. BenZvi, D. Berley, E. Bernardini, D. Besson, Abigail Bishop, E. Blaufuss, Lucas Bloom, Summer Blot, M. Böhmer, Federico Bontempo, Jürgen Borowka, Caterina Boscolo Meneguolo, Sebastian BOSER, O. Botner, J. Böttcher, Sjoerd Bouma, Jim Braun, Bennett Brinson, Zoe Brisson-Tsavoussis, Ryan T. Burley, Mauricio Bustamante, Delaney Butterfield, Michael Campana, Kiara Carloni, Maddalena Cataldo, Sharmistha Chattopadhyay, Thien Nhan Chau, Zheyang Chen, D. Chirkin, Seowon Choi, Brian Clark, Rogan Clark, Alan Coleman, Peter John Cusack Coleman, Gabriel Collin, Diego Alberto Coloma Borja, J. M. Conrad, Rebecca Corley, D. F. Cowen, Cosmin Deaconu, C. De Clercq, Simon De Kockere, James DeLaunay, Diyaselis Delgado, Thomas Delmeulle, Shuyang Deng, Abhishek Desai, P. Desiati, K. D. de Vries, Gwenhaël de Wasseige, J. C. Díaz–Vélez, Stephen DiKerby, Markus Dittmer, Giang Do, Alba Domi, Lincoln Draper, Lasse Dueser, Hrvoje Dujmović, Daniel Durnford, Kaustav Dutta, M. A. DuVernois, Treston Egby, Thomas Ehrhardt, Leonhard Eidenschink, Anna Eimer, P. Eller, Enrico Ellinger, Dominik Elsässer, Hannah Erpenbeck, Waleed Esmail, Steven Eulig, J. C. Evans, J. J. Evans, P. A. Evenson, Kwok Lung Fan, Ke Fang, Kareem Ramadan Farrag, A. R. Fazely, Anatoli Fedynitch, Nora Feigl, C. Finley, Leander Fischer, D. B. Fox, A. Franckowiak, Satoshi Fukami, Philipp Fürst, J. S. Gallagher, Erik Ganster, Alfonso Garcia, Gaurav Garg, Eliot Genton, L. Gerhardt, Pawan Giri, Christian Gläser, T. Glüsenkamp, Sreetama Goswami, Alejandra Granados, Darren Grant, Shannon Gray, S. Griffin, Spencer Griswold, David Joseph Guevel, Christoph Günther, Pascal Gutjahr, C. Ha, Christian Haack, A. Hallgren, S. Hallmann, L. Halve, F. Halzen, Leon Hamacher, Martin Ha Minh, Michael Handt, Kael Hanson, John Hardin, Alexander Harnisch, Patrick Hatch, Jonas Häußler, D. Heinen, K. Helbing, Jonas Hellrung, Brian Hendricks, B. L. Henke, Lukas Hennig, Felix Henningsen, Jakob Henrichs, Lars Philipp Heuermann, Nils Heyer, Stephanie Hickford, Attila Hidvégi, Colton Hill, G. C. Hill, Kara Hoffman, Benjamin D. Hoffmann, Dan Hooper, Sam Hori, Kotoyo Hoshina, Matheus Hostert, Wenjie Hou, Thomas S. Huber, Enrique Huesca Santiago, K. Hultqvist, Raamis Hussain, Karolin Hymon, A. Ishihara, W. Iwakiri, Marc Jacquart, Samyak Jain, Annanay Jaitly, Oliver Janik, Matti Jansson, Minjin Jeong, Miaochen Jin, O. Kalekin, N. Kamp, Donghwa Kang, Woosik Kang, Xinyue Kang, A. Kappes, Leonora Kardum, T. Karg, Martina Karl, A. Karle, Akanksha Katil, T. Katori, U. Katz, M. Kauer, J. L. Kelley, Manish Khanal, Arifa Khatee Zathul, Ali Kheirandish, J. Kiryluk, Carolin Klein, Takurõ Kobayashi, Yukiho Kobayashi, Alina Kochocki, H. Kolanoski, Tomas Kontrimas, L. Köpke, Claudio Kopper, D. J. Koskinen, Paras Koundal, M. Kowalski, Tetiana Kozynets, Ilya Kravchenko, Krishnamoorthi Jayakumar, Tanvi Krishnan, Emmett Krupczak, Anil Kumar, Emma Kun, N. Kurahashi, Neha Navnitkumar Lad, M. J. Larson, Frederik Hermann Lauber, Kayla Leonard DeHolton, Agnieszka Leszczyńska, Jiyuan Liao, Martin Liu, Maria Liubarska, Manisha Lohan, J. M. LoSecco, Christy Love, Lu Lü, Francesco Lucarelli, Yang Lyu, Jim Madsen, Else Magnus, Kendall Mahn, Yuya Makino, Elena Manao, Sarah Mancina, Shivesh Mandalia, Wenceslas Marie Sainte, Szabolcs Márka, Z. Márka, Matthew Marsee, Lars Marten, Ivan Martínez-Soler, R. Maruyama, Finn Mayhew, Frank McNally, J. V. Mead, K. Meagher, Sarah Mechbal, Andrés Medina, Maximilian Meier, Yarno Merckx, Lukas Merten, Zackary Meyers, Masha Mikhailova, Archie Millsop, Justin Mitchell, T. Montaruli, R. W. Moore, Yasutsugu Morii, Bob Morse, Anke Mosbrugger, Marjon Moulai, Despina Mousadi, Tista Mukherjee, Marco Stein Muzio, Richard Naab, Maxwell Nakos, Ashish Narayan, Uwe Naumann, Jannis Necker, A. Nelles, Ludwig Neste, Miriam Neumann, Hans Niederhausen, M. U. Nisa, K. Noda, Eric Oberla, A. Obertacke Pollmann, Vivian O'Dell, Alex Olivas, Jesse Osborn, Erin O’Sullivan, Veronika Palušová, László Papp, A. Parenti, Nahee Park, Ek Narayan Paudel, Larissa Paul, C. Pérez de los Heros, Teresa Pernice, T. C. Petersen, Josh Peterson, A. Pizzuto, M. Plum, Axel Pontén, Yuriy Popovych, Maria Prado Rodriguez, B. Pries, Rachel Procter-Murphy, G. T. Przybylski, Lilly Pyras, John Rack-Helleis, N. Rad, M. Rameez, Martin Langgård Ravn, Katherine Rawlins, Zoë Rechav, Abdul Rehman, E. Resconi, Simeon Reusch, Chang Dong Rho, W. Rhode, Benedikt Riedel, Michael Riegel, Adam Rifaie, Ella Roberts, Sally Robertson, Martin Rongen, C. Rott, T. Ruhe, Li Ruohan, D. Ryckbosch, I. Safa, Julian Saffer, Daniel Salazar-Gallegos, Alexander Sandrock, P. Sandstrom, Grace Sanger-Johnson, M. Santander, S. Sarkar, Joelle Savelberg, Patrick Schaile, Merlin Schaufel, Sebastian Schindler, Lea Schlickmann, Berit Schlüter, Felix Schlüter, Nick Schmeisser, Torsten Schmidt, Frank Schröder, L. Schumacher, Sonke Schwirn, S. Sclafani, D. Seckel, Mohammad Ful Hossain Seikh, Zeynep Su Selcuk, S. Seunarine, Mike Shaevitz, Riya Shah, Shefali Shefali, Nobuhiro Shimizu, M. F. Silva, Barbara Skrzypek, Robert Snihur, Jan Soedingrekso, A. Søgaard, Dennis Soldin, Philipp Soldin, Giacomo Sommani, Christian Spannfellner, G. M. Spiczak, Christian Spiering, Juliana Stachurska, M. Stamatikos, Todor Stanev, T. Stezelberger, Jethro Stoffels, Timo Stürwald, Thomas Stuttard, G. W. Sullivan, I. Taboada, A. Taketa, Tagtshen Tamang, S. Ter–Antonyan, Andrii Terliuk, Matthias Thiesmeyer, Will Thompson, Jessie Thwaites, Serap Tilav, Kirsten Tollefson, Jorge Torres, S. Toscano, Delia Tosi, Alexandra Trettin, Y. Tsunesada, Jean Pierre Twagirayezu, Anuj Kumar Upadhyay, Karriem Upshaw, Arun Vaidyanathan, Nora Valtonen-Mattila, Janeth Valverde, Justin Vandenbroucke, Thijs van Eeden, N. van Eijndhoven, Lene van Rootselaar, J. V. Santen, Félix Carbonell, Fahim Varsi, Joshua Veitch-Michaelis, Megha Venugopal, Sebastian Vergara Carrasco, A. G. Vieregg, Aishwarya Vijai, Joshua Villarreal, C. Walck, Andrew Wang, Daniel Washington, Chris Weaver, Philip Weigel, Jan Weldert, Alex Wen, Chris Wendt, Johannes Werthebach, Mark Weyrauch, N. Whitehorn, C. H. Wiebusch, Dawn Williams, Stephanie Wissel, Lucas Witthaus, Martin Wolf, Gunter Worner, Gerrit Wrede, Steven Wren, Xianwu Xu, Juan Pablo Yáñez, Yuhua Yao, Emre Burak Yildizci, S. Yoshida, Robert Young, G. B. Yu, Shiqi Yu, Tianlu Yuan, Angela Zegarelli, Shuo Zhang, Zelong Zhang, Pavel Zhelnin, Simon Zierke, Perri Zilberman, Melany Zimmerman, Adila Abdul Halim, P. Abreu, M. Aglietta, I. Allekotte, Kévin Almeida Cheminant, Alejandro Almela, Roberto Aloisio, Jaime Álvarez-Muñiz, Antonio Ambrosone, Juan Ammerman Yebra, Gioacchino Alex Anastasi, Luis A. Anchordoqui, Belén Andrada, Luciana Andrade Dourado, S. Andringa, Lorenzo Apollonio, Carla Aramo, Enrico Arnone, Juan Carlos Arteaga Velázquez, P. Assis, Gualberto Avila, Emanuele Avocone, Alena Bakalová, Felicia Barbato, Adriel Bartz Mocellin, Jose A. Bellido, Corinne Bérat, М. Бертаина, Marta Bianciotto, Peter L. Biermann, Virginia Binet, Kathrin Bismark, Teresa Bister, Jonathan Biteau, Jiří Blažek, Johannes Blümer, Martina Boháčová, Denise Boncioli, C. Bonifazi, Luan Bonneau Arbeletche, Nataliia Borodai, Jeffrey Brack, P. Gabriel Brichetto Orchera, Florian Lukas Briechle, A. Bueno, S. Buitink, Mario Buscemi, Max Büsken, Anthony Bwembya, K. S. Caballero‐Mora, Sergio Cabana-Freire, Lorenzo Caccianiga, Federico Campuzano, Jorge Caraça-Valente, R. Caruso, A. Castellina, Fernando Catalani, G. Cataldi, Lorenzo Cazon, Marcos Cerda, Berenika Čermáková, Alessandro Cermenati, J. A. Chinellato, J. Chudoba, L. Chytka, R. W. Clay, Agustín Cobos Cerutti, Roberta Colalillo, R. Conceição, Giovanni Consolati, Matteo Conte, Fabio Convenga, Diego Correia dos Santos, Pedro J. Costa, C. E. Covault, M. Cristinziani, Carlo Salvattore Cruz Sanchez, S. Dasso, K. Daumiller, B. R. Dawson, Rogerio M. de Almeida, Eric-Teunis de Boone, Beatriz de Errico, Joaquín de Jesús, S. J. de Jong, I. De Mitri, Jaime de Oliveira, Danelise de Oliveira Franco, Emanuele De Vito, Antonino Del Popolo, Olivier Deligny, Nikolas Denner, Luca Deval, Armando di Matteo, C. Dobrigkeit, Juan Carlos D'Olivo, Luis Miguel Domingues Mendes, Qader Dorosti, Joao dos Anjos, Rita Cassia dos Anjos, Jan Ebr, Fiona H. Ellwanger, R. Engel, Italo Epicoco, M. Erdmann, Alberto Etchegoyen, Carmelo Evoli, H. Falcke, Glennys R. Farrar, A. C. Fauth, Tim Fehler, Fridtjof Feldbusch, Alexandra Fernandes, Mateo Fernandez, Brian Fick, Juan Manuel Figueira, Paul Filip, Andrej Filipčič, Thomas Fitoussi, Tomáš Fodran, Antonio Franco, Milton Freitas, Toshihiro Fujii, Alan Fuster, Cristina Galea, B. Garćıa, Chloé Gaudu, Piera Luisa Ghia, Ugo GIACCARI, Fabian Gobbi, Fernando Gollan, G. Golup, Mariano Gómez Berisso, Primo F. Gómez Vitale, Juan Manuel Gonzalez, Nicolás Martín González, D. Góra, A. Gorgi, Marvin Gottowik, F. Guarino, Germano Guedes, Lukas Gülzow, Steffen Hahn, P. Hamal, Matías Rolf Hampel, Patricia María Hansen, Violet M. Harvey, A. Haungs, T. Hebbeker, C. Hojvat, J.R. Hörandel, Pavel Horváth, Miroslav Hrabovský, T. Huege, A. Insolia, Paula Gina Isar, Mohamed Ismaiel, Petr Janeček, Vlastimil Jílek, Karl-Heinz Kampert, B. Keilhauer, Abha Khakurdikar, Varada Varma Kizakke Covilakam, H.O. Klages, Matthias Kleifges, Jelena Köhler, Frederik Krieger, Margita Kubátová, Norbert Kunka, Bruno L. Lago, Niklas Langner, Nicolas Leal, Marcelo Augusto Leigui de Oliveira, Yago Lema-Capeans, Antoine Letessier-Selvon, Isabelle Lhenry-Yvon, L. Lopes, Jon Paul Lundquist, M. Mallamaci, Dušan Mandát, P. Mantsch, Federico Maria Mariani, Analisa Mariazzi, Ioana Codrina Maris, G. Marsella, Daniele Martello, Sara Martinelli, Miguel A. Martins, Hermann-Josef Mathes, J. Matthews, Giorgio Matthiae, Eric William Mayotte, Sonja Mayotte, P. O. Mazur, Gustavo Medina‐Tanco, Janning Meinert, Diego Melo, Alexander Menshikov, Stanislav Michal, María Isabel Micheletti, L. Miramonti, Megha Mogarkar, Silvia Mollerach, F. Montanet, Leonel Morejón, Katharine Mulrey, R. Mussa, Wilson M. Namasaka, Shefali Negi, L. Nellen, Khoa Nguyen, Gabriela Nicora, Marcus Niechciol, Dave Nitz, Dalibor Nosek, Alexander Novikov, Vladimír Novotný, Libor Nožka, Achille Nucita, Luis A. Núñez, José Ochoa, Cainã Oliveira, Leo Östman, M. Palatka, Juan Pallotta, Shayoni Panja, G. Parente, Therese Paulsen, Jannis Pawlowsky, M. Pech, Jan Pękala, Rodrigo Pelayo, Vincent Pelgrims, Luiz Augusto Pereira, Edyvânia Emily Pereira Martins, Carmina Pérez Bertolli, Lorenzo Perrone, S. Petrera, Camilla Petrucci, T. Pierog, Mário Pimenta, Manuel Platino, Bjarni Pont, Mohsen Pourmohammad Shahvar, Paolo Privitera, Chaitanya Priyadarshi, Michael Prouza, Krzysztof Pytel, Sven Querchfeld, J. Rautenberg, Diego Ravignani, João Vítor Reginatto Akim, Alex Reuzki, J. Řídký, Felix Riehn, Markus Risse, V. Rizi, Ezequiel Rodriguez, Gonzalo Rodriguez Fernandez, Jorge Rubén Rodriguez Rojo, Simone Rossoni, Markus Roth, Esteban Roulet, Adrián Rovero, A. Sǎftoiu, Mohit Saharan, F. Salamida, Gaetano Salina, Pranav Sampathkumar, Nicolas San Martin, Jose Sanabria Gomez, Federico Andrés Sánchez, Edivaldo Moura Santos, Eva Santos, F. Sarazin, R. Sarmento, Ricardo Sato, Pierpaolo Savina, Viviana Scherini, H. Schieler, Martin Schimassek, Michael Schimp, David Schmidt, O. Schölten, Harm Schoorlemmer, Petr Schovanek, Josina Schulte, Tobias Schulz, Sergio J Sciutto, Marina Scornavacche, Adrian Sedoski, A. Segreto, Srijan Sehgal, Shima Ujjani Shivashankara, G. Sigl, Katarína Simkova, F. Simon, Radomir Šmída, Paul Sommers, Ruben Squartini, Maximilian Stadelmaier, S. Stanič, Jarosław Stasielak, Patrick Stassi, Simon Strähnz, Maximilian Straub, Tiina Suomijärvi, A. D. Supanitsky, Zuzana Svozilikova, Karolina Syrokvas, Zbigniew Szadkowski, Fedor Tairli, Matteo Tambone, Alex Adrián Reyes Tapia, Carla Taricco, Charles Timmermans, Olena Tkachenko, Petr Tobiška, Carlos J. Todero Peixoto, B. Tomé, Andres Travaini, P. Trávnı́ček, Matias Jorge Tueros, M. Unger, Rukije Uzeiroska, Lukáš Vaclavek, Martin Vacula, Igor Vaiman, Jose F. Valdés Galicia, Laura Valore, Pim van Dillen, Enrique Varela, Veronika Vašíčková, Adriana Vásquez-Ramírez, Darko Veberič, Indira D. Vergara Quispe, V. Verzi, J. Vícha, Jacco Vink, S. Vorobiov, Jhansi Bhavani Vuta, Clara Keiko Oliveira Watanabe, A. T. Watson, Andreas Weindl, Melanie Weitz, Lawrence Wiencke, H. Wilczyński, Brian Wundheiler, Bin Yue, Alexey Yushkov, E. Zas, Danilo Zavrtanik, Marko Zavrtanik
Bibliographic record
Venuenot available
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldPhysics and Astronomy
TopicAstrophysics and Cosmic Phenomena
Canadian institutionsnot available
FundersOffice of Experimental Program to Stimulate Competitive ResearchHelmholtz Alliance for Astroparticle PhysicsMarsden FundInstitut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des ParticulesAgencia Nacional de Promoción Científica y TecnológicaDeutsches Elektronen-SynchrotronOffice of Advanced CyberinfrastructureKnut och Alice Wallenbergs StiftelseCollege of Engineering, Michigan State UniversityNational Research FoundationVlaamse regeringAlliance de recherche numérique du CanadaChiba UniversityInstitute for Global Prominent Research, Chiba UniversityRWTH Aachen UniversityVetenskapsrådetFinanciadora de Estudos e ProjetosCentre National de la Recherche ScientifiqueJapan Society for the Promotion of ScienceVillum FondenNational Research Foundation of KoreaFonds De La Recherche Scientifique - FNRSConselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e TecnológicoEuropean CommissionFundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São PauloSchweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen ForschungPolarforskningssekretariatetDeutsche ForschungsgemeinschaftNederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk OnderzoekDirección General de Asuntos del Personal Académico, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoConsejo Nacional de Ciencia y TecnologíaAgence Nationale de la RechercheNational Science FoundationBelgian Federal Science Policy OfficeOffice of Polar ProgramsMichigan State UniversityFundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de JaneiroUniversity of Wisconsin-MadisonU.S. Department of EnergyNatural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of CanadaMinisterium für Kultur und Wissenschaft des Landes Nordrhein-WestfalenUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoIstituto Nazionale di AstrofisicaConsejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y TécnicasMarquette UniversityMinistério da Ciência, Tecnologia, Inovações e ComunicaçõesWestern Canada Research GridFonds Wetenschappelijk OnderzoekIstituto Nazionale di Fisica NucleareNvidia
KeywordsPierre Auger ObservatoryDetectorUpgradeAugerObservatoryNeutrinoScintillation
Abstract
The detection of extensive air showers using radio antennas has evolved into a mature technique, complementing particle detector arrays by providing sensitivity to the longitudinal development of the showers and enabling an independent determination of the cosmic-ray energy. Both the Pierre Auger Observatory in Argentina and the IceCube Neutrino Observatory at the South Pole have been undergoing upgrades, including the integration of radio antennas. The next-generation neutrino detector IceCube-Gen2 will also feature a surface array for PeV-EeV cosmic-ray detection, consisting of scintillation detectors and radio antennas. Prototype stations for this upgrade have been in operation for several years at both, the South Pole and the Auger Observatory, enabling cross checks and potentially a cross-calibration of the energy scales between the two experiments. In this contribution, we present an analysis of air showers observed with the radio antennas of the IceCube-Gen2 prototype station, coinciding with detections by the water-Cherenkov detectors of the densest part of the Pierre Auger Observatory’s surface array, featuring a 433 m spacing.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
metaresearch head score (Codex)0.000
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.000
Version: metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061cValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesnone
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Bench or experimental · Consensus signal: none
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: Empirical
Teacher disagreement score0.007
Threshold uncertainty score0.015
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
Opus teacher head0.010
GPT teacher head0.229
Teacher spread0.219 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation status
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
The models applied no category: nothing in the taxonomy fit this work.
Study designBench or experimental
Domainnot available
GenreEmpirical
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".
Quick stats
Citations0
Published2025
Admission routes1
Has abstractyes