Expression of the estrogen receptor gene across the life cycle in the polychaete, Capitella teleta
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Vertebrate estrogen receptors (ERs; NR3A subfamily genes) are essential for regulating multiple biological processes in vertebrates. However, little is known about ERs (NR3D subfamily genes) in invertebrates. Capitella teleta is a marine polychaete with a single ER gene that is ligand-activated with low concentrations of estradiol in vitro; yet the physiological role of this receptor is unclear. We used whole-mount in situ hybridization to investigate spatial and temporal expression patterns of the ER in larval stages and RT-qPCR to detect temporal ER gene expression patterns across age and sex in juvenile and adults. The ER gene was expressed in the brain and foregut across multiple larval stages, suggesting a role in brain and gastrointestinal development. Whole-body juvenile ER gene expression was similar between two and six weeks of age. ER expression was similar across sex between head fragments, gastrointestinal systems, or whole bodies of sexually mature worms. These data show that the ER does not exhibit a sexually dimorphic expression as is stereotypical in vertebrates, and suggests that the ER may may not play a big role in sexual maturation in C. teleta. Collectively, ER is expressed across multiple life stages and suggests a role in brain and foregut development, and possibly a gastrointestinal function in adults. This study aids in uncovering the physiological functions of ER in lophotrochozoans.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".