Isolation and comprehensive characterization of bovine parvovirus 1 from diarrheic calves in Northeast China: Insights into evolution and biology
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Bovine parvovirus (BPV) is among the pathogens associated with respiratory, digestive, and reproductive disorders in cattle, contributing to significant economic losses in the global cattle industry. To investigate the prevalence and genetic variability of BPV in diarrheic cattle, 14 BPV strains were isolated from 673 bovine diarrhea samples (2017–2022, Northeast China) using BT cells. Notably, the DQ7498 strain exhibited the highest proliferation efficiency (titer reaching 108.12TCID50/mL). Sensitive cell detection assays showed isolated strains stably serially passaged only in BT and bovine lung cells. Electron microscopy revealed that all isolates as non-enveloped icosahedrons structures (approximately 25 nm in diameter), consistent with parvovirus morphology. Complete coding sequence (CDS) and phylogenetic analysis revealed that the 14 isolates strains were closely related to BPV1 reference strains (DQ335247, NC001540), with high genetic identity (96.5%-99%). Recombination analysis identified genomic recombination events in four strains (JL108, JL60, DQ7706 and DQ7728), suggesting DQ8186 and ZD0510, or earlier unisolated strains, as potential parental strains. Amino acid sequence analysis revealed multiple coding mutations among the 14 isolates. Although antigenic epitope mutations (A362T and N399D) were identified in VP2, they did not induce significant conformational changes. Physicochemical characterization demonstrated that the virus exhibited sensitivity to chloroform and loses its infectivity after chloroform treatment, which is inconsistent with previous research reports. This study reports the first isolation of 14 BPV1 strains in Northeast China, revealing BPV1 genetic evolution, antigenic variation, and the first documented recombination events among regional strains, providing new insights into the molecular evolution of BPV1 and disease control.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".