Impact of dishwashing on the chemical mixtures leaching from reusable plastic bottles
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Reusable drinking bottles have become popular globally and come in a range of shapes, colors and materials, including a range of plastics. The objective of this study was to investigate chemical mixtures migrating from reusable plastic bottles into the beverage using targeted and non-targeted screening, and assess the impact of dishwashing on chemical mixtures leaching from bottles. Reusable plastic bottles were collected in five European countries. Bottles were filled with 200 mL of food simulant (3% acetic acid) to assess migration for 1 or 10 days, and the resulting samples were analyzed using liquid chromatography coupled with quadruple time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF-MS). Out of the 32 targeted compounds, the occurrence of diisobutyl phthalate (DiBP) was confirmed at trace levels in the food simulants for 1/39 and 22/39 types of washed bottles after 1 and 10 days of migration, respectively. Other substances such as dibutyl maleate, dibutylamine, octadecanamide, n-lauryldiethanolamine, and tributyl citrate were detected in the food simulants using a non-targeted workflow. Based on both targeted and non-targeted results, dishwashing impacted the profiles of the chemical mixtures leached from reusable plastic bottles. Relatively higher migration was observed for some substances (incl. DiBP) in washed bottles compared to unwashed ones. • Chemical migration was assessed for 39 types of reusable plastic bottles • Diisobutyl phthalate (DiBP) was confirmed at trace levels in the food simulants • Higher DiBP migration was observed after dishwashing the plastic bottles • Other chemicals were identified in the food simulants using non-targeted analysis
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".