Miniature antenna for GNSS satellite constellation reception
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract This paper presents the design, simulation, and real-world validation of a compact, dual-band, right-hand circularly polarized antenna for Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) applications. The antenna operates in the L1 (1575 MHz) and L5 (1176 MHz) bands, utilizing a stacked patch structure on low-cost FR4 substrates to achieve compactness and circular polarization. The design ensures axial ratio values below 3 dB, with peak gains of 2.59 dBi (L1) and -0.89 dBi (L5), while maintaining wide radiation coverage. Unlike many recent proposals based on Rogers substrates or complex geometries, our design focuses on cost-effectiveness and manufacturing simplicity. The prototype was validated using a Quectel LC29HAAMD GNSS receiver during the 2024 French National Microwaves Days (JNM), successfully acquiring over 40 satellites within 60 seconds in a real-world suburban environment. These results demonstrate the antenna’s suitability for space-constrained and low-cost GNSS platforms in the “New Space” era.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".