Collective directional switches of swarming systems with higher-order interactions
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Sudden coherent changes in the movement direction are common in animal groups; yet, the mechanism of higher-order and delayed interactions in shaping such collective switching dynamics remains poorly understood. Here, we propose a self-propelled particle model incorporating both pairwise and higher-order social interactions to study the directional switching behaviors in swarming systems, considering scenarios with and without delay. By applying a dimensional reduction method and the Fokker-Planck equation, we obtain the theoretical stationary probability density and the mean switching time. The results reveal that, without time delay, the higher-order interactions significantly increase the mean switching time, promoting stable, ordered movement states and reducing directional switches. When the time delay is introduced, the impact of higher-order interactions becomes non-monotonic. For small delays, they continue to suppress directional switching; for large delays, they instead facilitate more frequent directional switching. This non-monotonic pattern also appears in simulations on realistic social networks, underscoring the generality of the phenomenon. Our study illustrates how higher-order structures and time delays influence collective switching dynamics, highlighting the limitations of pairwise models and the necessity of considering complex interaction networks.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".