A Decade of International Energy 2015–2025 II: Commodities, Credit, US–Canada Trade, and Careful Deregulation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This is my second in a series of three reviews of a decade of contributions to International Energy , focusing particularly on how I have regularly revisited specific themes related to the economics of regulation, energy markets, international energy disputes, and the pressure of greenhouse gas (GHG) remedies on energy regulators. In the July 2025 edition of Climate and Energy , I revisited five such themes. These themes highlight the fundamental challenge of regulating industry and managing social costs when regulations fall short. They are (1) costly path dependence exhibited by regulators worldwide, (2) the surprising fragility of long‐standing US energy regulatory norms, (3) the inherently unworkable federal and state attempts at GHG regulation, (4) the increasing difficulties faced by the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) in regulating interstate electricity transmission, and (5) the source and remedies (or lack thereof) for the past decade's two most costly energy supply disasters—the 2021 Winter Storm Uri in Texas and Europe's energy issues resulting from the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine. 1
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.005 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.006 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.007 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.011 | 0.008 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.005 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.009 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".