Charting the Shift: Age as a Moderator of the Genetic and Environmental Influences on Reading
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Reading is influenced by genes and environments throughout life. Using a U.S. twin sample (N = 1086; 564 Male: 522 Female; Age M = 7.46 years, SD = 1.57, with 90% self-reported as White, 8% Black, 1% Asian, 1% Alaskan, Native American, or Native Pacific Islander, and 11% self-reported as Hispanic), we used a Gene-by-Environment model with age as a moderator to examine how the balance of genetic and environmental influences on reading differed by age. Reading was measured with the DIBELS Next Composite from the beginning of academic year 2018/19. We observed small increasing genetic influences and larger decreasing shared environmental influences on reading from ages 5 to 7 that began to plateau around age 8. Non-shared environmental influences on reading were low and relatively stable from ages 6 through 12 following an uptick between ages 5 and 6. Our results are consistent with the bioecological framework, the emerging gene-environment-time model, and theories of reading development.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it