Bismuth oxyhalide-based 2D–2D van der Waals heterojunctions (vDWHs) for the production of solar fuels
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The quest for cleaner and more carbon-neutral alternative approaches for energy production has been a key focus of research for the scientific community over the past few decades in response to ever increasing global energy demand and the need to find sustainable solutions to address the same. To this end, semiconductor photocatalysis mediated solar energy harvesting is a highly promising approach. Through this technology, solar energy is transformed into chemical fuels such as hydrogen, methane, ammonia etc. which requires semiconductor photocatalysts and photoelectrodes that drive redox reactions upon solar illumination. Two-dimensional (2D) bismuth oxyhalides have shown their potential in boosting solar to fuel conversion efficacy owing to composition-tunable electronic bandgaps and layer dependent optoelectronic properties. Standalone photocatalysts suffer from the issues of limited absorption in the visible regime of the solar spectrum and sluggish kinetics for charge separation. 2D/2D van der Waals heterojunctions (vDWHs) hold great promise for the production of solar fuels due to superior charge separation, suitable redox potentials, and large interfacial contact areas. The design, construction, and photocatalytic activity of bismuth oxyhalide-based vDWHs for the generation of hydrogen from water splitting, chemical fuels from CO 2 , and ammonia from N 2 fixation have been extensively reviewed herein. We conclude with the prospects and outlook on vDWHs for clean energy harvesting in the future.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".