Long-standing labour migration, new plantation enclosures, and social reproduction in Indonesian Borneo’s borderlands
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Where people in the rural tropics have long participated in labour migration, plantation expansion may generate new employment and market opportunities that disrupt mobility. Drawing on a household survey and in-depth interviews, we explore such dynamics in two Indonesian villages along the Malaysian border in Borneo. Here, Indigenous Dayak and Malay households had enduring traditions of work in Sarawak, Malaysia. After circa-2000 oil palm plantation development, rather than taking up sustained plantation work, many of these households continued labour migration and/or planted oil palm on their lands. In-migrants sponsored by Indonesia’s transmigration programme who settled along the border in the late 1990s tried work in Malaysia but turned to plantation labour when it became available. We interpreted these differences through the lens of social reproduction. The ability to sustain secure and remunerative labour migration, which depended on social relationships reproduced across the border and sending site care availability, shaped cross-group disparities.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".