Bibliographic record
Abstract
This chapter documents the current situation with regards to food insecurity in Canada and the UK. It provides a detailed definition of food insecurity, making a distinction between severe, moderate, and marginal levels of food insecurity. How food insecurity is measured in both Canada and the UK is discussed, as is the latest data concerning the extent of the problem. Importantly, this chapter shows how the existence of a variety of discourses – that is, means of understanding the causes of and how to respond to these problems – complicates finding solutions to food insecurity. These discourses range in their solutions to food insecurity from health education about nutrition and budgeting right through to establishing a post-capitalist socialist society. Reducing food insecurity will require policy action by governing authorities to provide affordable and accessible food to its citizens either through food-related programmes for families or a publicly-owned grocery store chain which decommodifies food. Action on income and wealth distribution, employment, and housing is also needed. This will require addressing fundamental imbalances of power and influence in society through the development of social and political movements. It may also require a radical reform of the economic system or even its transformation into a post-capitalist socialist economy.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.005 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.009 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.007 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.015 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".