The language and memory test: A brief multidomain digital cognitive measure for multiple sclerosis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Accurate cognitive measures are needed for multiple sclerosis (MS). We developed the Language and Memory Test (LMT), a brief digital measure of domains vulnerable to MS: rapid naming, visuospatial memory, fine motor dexterity. The LMT is designed to test a hypothesis of lexical access as a primary driver of cognitive decline in MS. METHODS: In this proof-of-concept study, adults with MS and controls were enrolled in three countries. Participants completed the LMT once or twice. A subset completed the Brief International Cognitive Assessment for Multiple Sclerosis (BICAMS), subjective cognitive measures, and a tolerability questionnaire. We conducted preliminary evaluation of internal consistency, test-retest reliability, discriminative, construct, and convergent validity, and tolerability. RESULTS: -values: .03 - < .001). Retest reliability and internal consistency were broadly acceptable. Tolerability was high. LMT subtests were associated with disability and disease duration. The lexical access hypothesis was supported by three levels of evidence. CONCLUSIONS: The LMT is a digital cognitive tool for MS with good initial discriminative and construct validity permitting remote measurement of multiple domains in diverse populations.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.032 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".