Dairy cow- and avian-origin clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 induce severe mastitis in lactating goats and transmission to suckling goats
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The emergence of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b has led to unprecedented spillover and spread among US dairy cows, raising concerns about transmission to other ruminants. We inoculated two groups of lactating goats via intramammary and respiratory routes with Cow-H5N1 (genotype B3.13) or avian-H5N1 (genotype B1.2) virus. Both groups developed severe clinical mastitis and shed viruses in milk, resulting in transmission to suckling kids. Viral RNA was detected in nasal and oral swabs and various tissues, and virus-neutralizing antibodies were present in serum, milk, and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. In vitro, both viruses replicated efficiently in goat respiratory and mammary epithelial cells. Mammary tissue expresses both α2,3- and α2,6-linked sialic acid receptors. These findings demonstrate that goats are highly susceptible to H5N1 infection, with mammary tropism facilitating transmission to offspring, and underscore the need for increased surveillance in ruminant livestock.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".