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Record W4414548368 · doi:10.1007/s10694-025-01810-1

Automatic Flame Detection: Evaluation of Deep Learning Algorithms Using a Custom Thermal Image Dataset

2025· article· en· W4414548368 on OpenAlex

Why this work is in the frame

A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.

affAt least one author lists a Canadian institution in the pinned OpenAlex snapshot.
fundA Canadian funder is recorded on the work.
aboutThe title or abstract carries a Canadian signal from the geographic lexicon.

Bibliographic record

VenueFire Technology · 2025
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldEngineering
TopicFire Detection and Safety Systems
Canadian institutionsNational Research Council Canada
FundersNational Research Council Canada
KeywordsBenchmark (surveying)Deep learningGeneralizationNoveltyKey (lock)Novelty detectionResource (disambiguation)

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

Abstract Fire safety urgently requires better automatic early fire detection. While vision-based methods are promising, a clear benchmark for deep learning models tailored for this specific area has been lacking. This paper presents the first comprehensive vision-based benchmark of 33 deep learning models explicitly for automatic fire detection. The key novelty is the creation and utilization of a unique, real-world thermal infrared (IR) dataset derived from controlled room fire experiments by NRC Canada. This challenging dataset includes imagery of early-stage and fully developed fires, as well as variations from different test conditions. To assess broader applicability, model generalization was also evaluated using a general dataset (used in pre-training). By rigorously testing these models on both specialized and general datasets using multiple performance metrics (accuracy, speed, reliability, generalization, computational cost), this work establishes the first dedicated benchmark for deep learning in vision-based fire detection. This benchmark provides a novel and crucial resource for researchers to make informed decisions when selecting deep learning models for their specific fire detection applications, ultimately aiming to accelerate innovation and the development of more effective and reliable vision-based fire safety systems.

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

Full frame distilled prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.000
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.000
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesnone
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Simulation or modeling · Consensus signal: none
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: Empirical
Teacher disagreement score0.945
Threshold uncertainty score0.569

Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0000.000
Bibliometrics0.0000.001
Science and technology studies0.0000.000
Scholarly communication0.0000.000
Open science0.0000.000
Research integrity0.0000.000
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0000.000

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.012
GPT teacher head0.263
Teacher spread0.251 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it