Seasonal patterns in B‐vitamins and cobalamin co‐limitation in the Northwest Atlantic
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract B‐vitamins are important co‐enzymes that have long been hypothesized to play key roles in marine ecosystems. However, environmental measurements remain scarce, which limits our understanding of their potential impact. Here, we present mass spectrometry‐based measurements of B‐vitamins (B 1 , B 2 , B 3 , B 5 , B 6 , B 12 ) and related vitamers along a transect in the Northwest Atlantic Ocean, in both particulate phase and dissolved in seawater, seasonally over 5 yr. We then couple these data with targeted investigations of the impact of B 12 (cobalamin) on phytoplankton growth. We show that these metabolites are present at femto‐ to pico‐molar concentrations and demonstrate that season explains most variance in particulate phase B‐vitamins but not dissolved, offering further evidence that metabolite inventories in these two phases are often decoupled. We find positive correlations between particulate organic carbon with particulate B 1 and B 3 , and between chlorophyll a and particulate B 2 and 5,6‐dimethylbenzimidazole in fall but not spring, indicating unique seasonal drivers of vitamin inventories. Of all measured vitamins, only cobalamin was enriched in the particulate over dissolved phase, predominantly in spring. We documented nitrogen and cobalamin co‐limitation of phytoplankton growth during spring bloom decline, when dissolved cobalamin is seemingly drawn down, but not during fall, when dissolved cobalamin concentrations remain elevated. These seasonal differences may be underpinned by the increased importance of cobalamin remodeling and recycling during the fall. This study provides insights into the absolute concentrations, stoichiometry, and variability of B‐vitamins in the ocean and offers evidence that cobalamin exerts seasonally varying controls on Northwest Atlantic marine ecosystems.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".