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Record W4414572011 · doi:10.1108/sasbe-04-2025-0167

Operational data collection and analysis for a smart 3D-printed footbridge

2025· article· en· W4414572011 on OpenAlex
Thomas Reynolds, Theo Glashier, Josh Cameron, Rolands Kromanis, Pan Zhang, Zachariah Wynne, Alex Tessier, Alec Shuldiner, Sage Cammers-Goodwin, Faridaddin Vahdatikhaki, Michael Nagenborg, Kasper Siderius, C Buchanan

Why this work is in the frame

A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.

affAt least one author lists a Canadian institution in the pinned OpenAlex snapshot.

Bibliographic record

VenueSmart and Sustainable Built Environment · 2025
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldEngineering
TopicInfrastructure Maintenance and Monitoring
Canadian institutionsWSP (Canada)Autodesk (Canada)
FundersEngineering and Physical Sciences Research CouncilNederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk OnderzoekLloyd's RegisterImperial College London
KeywordsBridge (graph theory)PedestrianData collectionInternet of ThingsStructural health monitoringData analysis

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

Purpose This paper presents the structural monitoring results of the world's first 3D-printed steel footbridge, using a fixed sensor network built into the bridge, to better understand both the behaviour of this novel structure and the way it is used. Design/methodology/approach The bridge was publicly exhibited and then installed for two years in central Amsterdam. The main features of the sensor network installed to monitor its behaviour are described. The bridge's behaviour was studied using a combination of labelled data collected in controlled conditions at the University of Twente and long-term monitoring during normal use in Amsterdam. Findings The data collected show that thermal behaviour can be effectively decoupled from the response of the bridge due to pedestrian loading and that the pedestrian movements captured by camera can be anonymized as coordinates, which can be correlated with the loads and strains produced by those pedestrians. The Pearson correlation condition is used to identify the type of movement on the bridge, effectively distinguishing between heel-drops, running and walking movements. Originality/value The richness of such a dataset is demonstrated, measured using embedded sensors and Internet of Things technology. Analysis of these measurements gives insights into the behaviour of a unique large 3D-printed steel structure and the use of a busy piece of urban infrastructure more generally.

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

Full frame distilled prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.000
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.000
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesnone
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Observational · Consensus signal: none
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: none
Teacher disagreement score0.529
Threshold uncertainty score0.518

Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0000.000
Bibliometrics0.0000.000
Science and technology studies0.0000.000
Scholarly communication0.0000.000
Open science0.0000.000
Research integrity0.0000.000
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0000.000

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.008
GPT teacher head0.221
Teacher spread0.213 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it