Microplastics affect food intake and the expression of appetite regulators and nutrient transporters in pond loach (Misgurnus anguillicaudatus)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs) are emerging pollutants in freshwater ecosystems, posing risks to aquatic organisms. This study examines the effects of dietary MP exposure on food intake, appetite regulation, and nutrient transporter expression in pond loach ( Misgurnus anguillicaudatus ), a sediment-feeding facultative air breathing freshwater fish. Fish were exposed to small (250–300 μm), medium (425–500 μm), and large (710–850 μm) polyethylene microspheres for two weeks. Food intake was significantly reduced in fish fed small and medium MPs, but not large MPs, suggesting size-dependent ingestion effects. In the brain, MP (425–500 μm) exposure suppressed orexin expression, a key appetite-stimulating neuropeptide, while other central appetite regulators remained unchanged. In the anterior intestine, anorexigenic peptides such as cholecystokinin ( cck ) and peptide YY ( pyy ) were upregulated, alongside glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide ( gip ), indicating enhanced satiety signaling. Sodium-dependent glucose transporter 1 ( slc5a1 ) expression was downregulated, suggesting impaired glucose absorption. MPs induced upregulation of gip and urea transporter 2 ( slc14a2 ) in the mid intestine, and pyy , gip , glucose transporter 1 ( slc2a1 ), urea transporter 2 and hypoxia-inducible factor 1α ( hif1a ) in the posterior intestine. These results show that MP exposure disrupts feeding, alters endocrine signaling, and affects nutrient absorption in pond loach, highlighting the physiological sensitivity of sediment-feeding fish to MP contamination and the ecological risks posed by plastic pollution to aquatic species and ecosystems. • Microplastics reduce food intake in pond loach, with size-dependent effects. • Microplastics suppress orexin expression, altering appetite regulation in the brain. • Anorexigenic gut peptides and GIP are upregulated by microplastic exposure. • Microplastics exposure alter gene expression of glucose and urea transporters. • Microplastics induce HIF-1α expression, suggesting stress in the posterior intestine.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".