Games Preferences for Vocabulary Learning Opportunities among Young ESL Learners in Secondary School Education in Malaysia
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This quasi-experimental study aimed to investigate which mode of language games—paper-based or computer-based—is preferred by Form Four ESL learners for acquiring vocabulary, particularly at the 2000-word level. A total of 70 students participated in the study, divided into two groups of 35 each. Experimental Group 1 first received Treatment A (computer-based games), followed by Treatment B (paper-based games), while Experimental Group 2 experienced the treatments in reverse order. By the end of the experiment, both groups were exposed to both vocabulary-learning methods. A questionnaire and semi-structured interviews were used to assess the participants' preferences for acquiring vocabulary. The data were presented using a descriptive analysis as percentages. The results indicated that computer-based games were generally preferred over paper-based games for vocabulary enhancement. However, paper-based games were not entirely disregarded by the participants.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.005 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".