Cecal bacterial communities and lung immunity in layers fed omega-3 fatty acids or yeast bioactives under different space allowance
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The poultry-rearing environment and diet can influence gut microbiota and immunity. However, the long-term effects of early-life nutritional interventions on gut heath in layers under various spacing allowances (SA) are not well understood. This study investigated how early-life dietary yeast bioactives (YB) or co-extruded full-fat flaxseed, a source of omega-3 fatty acids (N-3 FA), from placement to 16 weeks of age (woa) influenced the development of cecal microbiota and immune function in Lohmann LSL Lite pullets reared under different SA, with follow-up to 72 woa. The experiment involved 2,832 newly hatched chicks reared in an enriched cage system under high (HSA, 348 cm 2 /bird) or low (LSA, 284 cm 2 /bird) SA and fed either control diet (C), C + 3 % N-3 FA, or C + 0.05 % YB. Ceca were sampled at 4, 8, 16, 35, and 72 woa for bacterial plate counts, 16S rRNA sequencing, and short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) quantification. Lungs were analyzed for immune gene expression. At 4 and 16 woa, β-diversity ( P = 0.01 ) revealed dissimilarity between the bacterial communities of birds under HSA and LSA groups. High Bacteroides abundances, propionic and iso-butyric acids concentrations were observed in LSA at both sampling points ( P < 0.05 ). At 16 woa, the highest and lowest n-butyrate concentrations were noted in N-3 FA- and control-fed birds, respectively ( P < 0.05 ), regardless of SA. Barnesiellaceae positively correlated with n-valeric and acetic acid in N-3 FA-fed birds at 4 woa. In YB-fed pullets, Lactobacillaceae and Enterobacteriaceae showed a positive correlation with n-butyric acid. In the lungs, about 15 genes, including IL1β , IL2 , and IL8 , were differentially expressed depending on SA and diets ( P < 0.05 ). Early dietary YB or N-3 FA under different SA modulated cecal bacterial community diversity and structure, SCFA profiles, and enhanced lung immune responses in layer.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".