Geomechanical behaviour of fine- and coarse-grained copper tailings from Brazilian IOCG deposits
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Iron oxide copper–gold (IOCG) deposits are unique because of the hydrothermal events responsible for their formation in the Archean Age. Such events affect the nature of the tailings resulting from copper ore extraction, as different deposits yield host rocks of varying characteristics. The present research evaluates the geomechanical behaviour of fine and coarse-grained copper tailings derived from two Brazilian mines located in IOCG deposits, focusing on a thorough mineralogical characterization of the tailings. For this purpose, drained and undrained triaxial tests were conducted on both tailings, considering three degrees of compaction and confining pressures ranging from 50 to 400 kPa. The results were evaluated in light of Critical State Soil Mechanics. They revealed distinctions in the overall geomechanical response between the fine and coarse-grained tailings because of grading and mineralogy differences. Despite being non-plastic, both tailings exhibited distinct behaviours related to the Critical State parameters and presented transitional responses. While transitional behaviour has previously been reported in both clayey and sandy soils, this is the first published case where fine-grained and coarse-grained copper tailings have demonstrated such a response.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".