Gender differences in grief and growth: An international gender-matched controlled study from Belgium, Canada, and Spain
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The grieving process exhibits significant variability influenced by cultural and gender factors. Inconsistencies in gender and cultural differences may be explained by the overrepresentation of bereaved women in the samples. This study explores gender differences in grief and post-traumatic growth (PTG) across Belgium, Canada, and Spain. Utilizing a gender-matched controlled design, the study analyzed data from 244 men and 244 women. Each man was matched with a woman based on kinship with the deceased, delay since loss, and country. Participants completed the Traumatic Grief Inventory-Self Report and Post-Traumatic Growth Inventory-Short Form. Results indicate that men reported significantly lower levels of grief symptoms and PTG compared to women, consistently across all three countries. These findings are discussed in relation to previous research suggesting that men exhibit more instrumental and avoidant grieving styles while women display more intuitive and expressive responses, and how results may be biased by self-report measures and recruitment.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".